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JavaScript Arithmetic

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JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators perform arithmetic on numbers (literals or variables).

Operator Description
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
** Exponentiation (ES2016)
/ Division
% Modulus (Remainder)
++ Increment
-- Decrement

Arithmetic Operations

A typical arithmetic operation operates on two numbers.

The two numbers can be literals:

Example

let x = 100 + 50;
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or variables:

Example

let x = a + b;
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or expressions:

Example

let x = (100 + 50) * a;
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Operators and Operands

The numbers (in an arithmetic operation) are called operands.

The operation (to be performed between the two operands) is defined by an operator.

Operand Operator Operand
100 + 50

Adding

The addition operator (+) adds numbers:

Example

let x = 5;
let y = 2;
let z = x + y;
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Subtracting

The subtraction operator (-) subtracts numbers.

Example

let x = 5;
let y = 2;
let z = x - y;
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Multiplying

The multiplication operator (*) multiplies numbers.

Example

let x = 5;
let y = 2;
let z = x * y;
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Dividing

The division operator (/) divides numbers.

Example

let x = 5;
let y = 2;
let z = x / y;
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Remainder

The modulus operator (%) returns the division remainder.

Example

let x = 5;
let y = 2;
let z = x % y;
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In arithmetic, the division of two integers produces a quotient and a remainder.

In mathematics, the result of a modulo operation is the remainder of an arithmetic division.

Incrementing

The increment operator (++) increments numbers.

Example

let x = 5;
x++;
let z = x;
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Decrementing

The decrement operator (--) decrements numbers.

Example

let x = 5;
x--;
let z = x;
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Exponentiation

The exponentiation operator (**) raises the first operand to the power of the second operand.

Example

let x = 5;
let z = x ** 2;          // result is 25
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x ** y produces the same result as Math.pow(x,y):

Example

let x = 5;
let z = Math.pow(x,2);   // result is 25
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Operator Precedence

Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are performed in an arithmetic expression.

Example

let x = 100 + 50 * 3;
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Is the result of example above the same as 150 * 3, or is it the same as 100 + 150?

Is the addition or the multiplication done first?

As in traditional school mathematics, the multiplication is done first.

Multiplication (*) and division (/) have higher precedence than addition (+) and subtraction (-).

And (as in school mathematics) the precedence can be changed by using parentheses:

Example

let x = (100 + 50) * 3;
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When using parentheses, the operations inside the parentheses are computed first.

When many operations have the same precedence (like addition and subtraction), they are computed from left to right:

Example

let x = 100 + 50 - 3;
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JavaScript Operator Precedence Values

Pale red entries indicates ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) or higher.

Value Operator Description Example
21 ( ) Expression grouping (3 + 4)
       
20 . Member person.name
20 [] Member person["name"]
20 () Function call myFunction()
20 new Create new Date()
       
18 ++ Postfix Increment i++
18 -- Postfix Decrement i--
       
17 ++ Prefix Increment ++i
17 -- Prefix Decrement --i
17 ! Logical not !(x==y)
17 typeof Type typeof x
       
16 ** Exponentiation (ES2016) 10 ** 2
       
15 * Multiplication 10 * 5
15 / Division 10 / 5
15 % Division Remainder 10 % 5
       
14 + Addition 10 + 5
14 - Subtraction 10 - 5
       
13 << Shift left x << 2
13 >> Shift right x >> 2
13 >>> Shift right (unsigned) x >>> 2
       
12 < Less than x < y 
12 <= Less than or equal x <= y
12 > Greater than x > y
12 >= Greater than or equal x >= y
12 in Property in Object "PI" in Math
12 instanceof Instance of Object instanceof Array
       
11 == Equal x == y
11 === Strict equal x === y
11 != Unequal x != y
11 !== Strict unequal x !== y
       
10 & Bitwise AND x & y
9 ^ Bitwise XOR x ^ y
8 | Bitwise OR x | y
7 && Logical AND x && y
6 || Logical OR x || y
5 ?? Nullish Coalescing x ?? y
4 ? : Condition ? "Yes" : "No"
       
3 += Assignment x += y
3 /= Assignment x /= y
3 -= Assignment x -= y
3 *= Assignment x *= y
3 %= Assignment x %= y
3 <<= Assignment x <<= y
3 >>= Assignment x >>= y
3 >>>= Assignment x >>>= y
3 &= Assignment x &= y
3 ^= Assignment x ^= y
3 |= Assignment x |= y
       
2 yield Pause Function yield x
1 , Comma 5 , 6

Expressions in parentheses are fully computed before the value is used in the rest of the expression.

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